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  3. 苗族饮食传统:Thang Co、玉米酒与山地的逻辑
🇨🇳 Food & Drink · north · sapa

苗族饮食传统:Thang Co、玉米酒与山地的逻辑

越南北部的苗族烹饪围绕着海拔、匮乏与仪式感展开——从Sapa市场慢炖的马肉汤,到用共享碗饮用的手工蒸馏玉米酒。

Wayfarer 团队May 26, 20265 分钟阅读
Explore the stunning cave interior showcasing stalactites and stalagmites with intricate rock formations.
↑ Explore the stunning cave interior showcasing stalactites and stalagmites with intricate rock formations.Photo by Quang Nguyen Vinh on Pexels
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#regional specialty#food#hmong#highland markets#street food#northern vietnam#festivals#corn wine
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最后更新 · May 26, 2026 · 独立调研,无任何赞助。

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    苗族烹饪并不刻意讨好你的味蕾。它诞生于海拔1,000米以上的高地,在那里的社区中,没有任何东西会被浪费,生活节奏完全围绕着播种与收获。在Sapa、Ha Giang或Dong Van周边的高地待上一段时间,你就会明白,这里的食物并非刻意追求“质朴”——它们精准、实用,且值得细细品味。

    锅中的哲学

    苗族厨房遵循几项一贯的原则:利用整只动物、尽可能保存食材,以及采用既能提供营养又能产生热量的烹饪方式。在1月的1,500米高海拔地区,一碗热气腾腾、油脂丰富的食物不仅仅是慰藉,更是生存必需。猪油很常见。熏制和风干是默认的保存方法。草药随处可见,人们会直接使用新鲜草药,或者将其随意扎成捆放入汤中,无需繁琐的仪式。

    肉类通常是猪肉、鸡肉,或者在重大场合食用马肉或水牛。蔬菜则倾向于那些能在高海拔生存的品种:芥菜、佛手瓜、采摘的竹笋,以及雨后从森林中捡拾的野生蘑菇。水稻生长在低海拔的梯田里;而在更高的地方,玉米成为了主食,这影响了从面食到酒水的方方面面。

    “Thang Co”:让人爱恨交织的菜肴

    “Thang co”是与苗族市场文化联系最紧密的菜肴,它能瞬间让游客群体产生分歧。这是一种炖菜,传统上由马肉和内脏制成,在大锅中加入香茅、高良姜以及根据村庄和厨师配方而定的秘制香料,进行长时间的慢炖。成品色泽深沉,味道浓郁,且带有明显的内脏风味。

    品尝它的最佳地点是高地市场,最好是周日的Bac Ha或Can Cau市场,那里的锅从黎明前就开始炖煮了。你可以按碗购买——通常在25,000到40,000 VND之间——站在低矮的折叠桌旁食用,而摊主则会在你身旁继续炖煮那锅共享的汤。虽然也有猪肉和牛肉版本,口味相对温和,但马肉版本才是你此行的真正目的。

    不要指望它尝起来像精致的清汤。Thang co有一种长时间炖煮内脏特有的泥土气息和浓烈风味。这正是它的精髓所在。这是一道为寒冷早晨和艰苦劳作而设计的菜肴,而不是为了拍照发Instagram准备的。

    在乡村炉灶上的陶锅中炖煮的越南热腾腾菜肴,增添了地道的风味。

    图片来源:Pexels上的Hồng Quang Official

    节日美食与仪式餐桌

    苗族节日——特别是秋收后、大致在11月至12月期间举行的苗族新年——涉及的食物准备工作往往要提前数天开始。“Banh day”(糍粑)是在木臼中捣制的糯米糕,是庆典的核心。它由糯米蒸熟后反复捶打至光滑且富有弹性,捏成厚圆饼状,可以单独食用,也可以蘸芝麻和花生吃。制作过程是集体协作的——一人捶打,另一人趁间隙折叠面团——捶打声在村庄中回荡。

    重大聚会时会宰杀猪。肉会按照传统分配给各家各户,很大一部分会被制成保存食品:挂在火上熏制数周的五花肉、“thit lon cap nach”(高地农民用篮子背着的小型散养猪),以及能存放过冬的发酵制品。

    鸡肉是仪式餐桌上的常客,烹饪方式通常很简单——白灼,搭配混合了烤辣椒和野生草药的蘸盐食用。煮鸡的汤则作为汤水。在这里,“浪费”这个概念几乎不存在。

    “Ruou Ngo”:玉米酒及其酿造方式

    “Ruou ngo”——即玉米酒,虽然称之为“酒”似乎还不足以形容它——是苗族高地的标志性饮品。它是用发酵玉米通过陶罐蒸馏器、竹管冷凝器蒸馏而成,这种工艺在各家庭中传承了数代。成品是一种清澈的烈酒,酒精含量通常在40%到50%之间,带有淡淡的甜味和谷物余韵,这使其与低地常见的米酒区分开来。

    在Ha Giang省,你会看到ruou ngo被装在回收的塑料水瓶里在市场摊位上出售,价格为每升20,000到40,000 VND。质量参差不齐——有些批次清澈顺口,有些则非常烈——而且没有标签告诉你买到的是哪一种。从能看到摊主直接从大罐中倒酒的摊位购买,比购买来源不明的预封瓶装酒要安全得多。

    饮用ruou ngo首先是一种社交行为。它在餐前、仪式上以及客人到来时提供。拒绝饮用被认为是不礼貌的;即使你喝不完,接受一小杯并回敬对方也是正确的做法。

    在越南乡村环境中,妇女使用传统玉米研磨工具,背景挂着玉米

    图片来源:Pexels上的Quang Nguyen Vinh

    去哪里品尝这些美食

    Sapa拥有完善的旅游设施,但也因此变得更加商业化,部分食物为了迎合游客口味而变得温和。想要获得更地道的体验,请前往Bac Ha周日市场或Ha Giang的Dong Van每周市场。这两个市场都吸引了来自周边村庄的苗族家庭,摊位上从清晨就开始供应thang co、烤玉米、熏肉和ruou ngo。

    在Sapa镇上,老城区附近的底层市场仍有一个功能齐全的生鲜区,在那里你可以找到非针对游客的高地蔬菜、干草药和熏肉。请在早上8点前到达。

    实用提示

    如果你是专门为了美食去高地市场,请准备小面额现金——10,000和20,000 VND的纸币比100,000的更实用——并且要早点去,因为最好的摊位在上午中段就会卖光。Thang co是一道早间菜肴;到了中午,锅里通常就空了,或者摊主已经收摊了。在偏远的市场环境中,很难准确沟通过敏和饮食限制,请提前做好计划。

    苗族饮食传统:Thang Co、玉米酒与山地的逻辑 | Vietnam Wayfarer