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文庙:Hanoi古老的儒家学术中心 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Destinations · north · hanoi

文庙:Hanoi古老的儒家学术中心

文庙(Van Mieu)是Hanoi最古老、最受尊崇的遗址之一。它建于1070年,曾是越南第一所国立大学,如今依然是一处宁静的胜地,供人探索数百年的儒家学术与越南建筑。

By the Wayfarer teamMar 14, 20265 min read
A narrow alley in Dalat with buildings showcasing classic Vietnamese urban architecture.
↑ A narrow alley in Dalat with buildings showcasing classic Vietnamese urban architecture.Photo by Quang Vuong on Pexels
Tags
#temple of literature#van mieu#confucianism#hanoi#history#imperial academy#architecture#stelae#education
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    文庙——当地人称之为Van Mieu——坐落于Hanoi的Ba Dinh区,位于升龙皇城的正南方。Hanoi的这一地标出现在100,000 VND纸币的背面,彰显着其深远的文化影响力。它由Ly Thanh Tong皇帝于1070年建立,作为越南(베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)的第一所国立大学——国子监(Quoc Tu Giam),在1779年之前一直负责教育国家的官僚与贵族精英。

    为孔子而建的庙宇

    该建筑群供奉着孔子及其主要弟子(颜回、曾子、子思和孟子)以及其他72位儒家学者。这里会举行四季祭典;皇太子们也曾在这些庭院中学习。其建筑风格仿照了山东曲阜孔庙的布局,赋予了这处Hanoi遗址与中国古典学术的直接渊源。

    1802年,当Nguyen朝将首都迁至Hue并在那里建立新的国子监时,这座Hanoi庙宇逐渐失去了昔日的显赫地位。它变成了Hoai Duc区的一所学校。在1945年至1954年期间,法国军队在战时拆毁了部分建筑群,以扩建圣保罗医院。法国远东学院(Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient)曾于1920年和1947年对其进行修复,2000年又进行了一次修缮。该遗址于1906年被登记为历史古迹(Monument historique)。

    在Tet(越南新年)到来之前,书法家们会聚集在庙门外,用汉字书写祝福语——这些字画会被作为礼物送给朋友,或挂在家里祈求来年好运。

    布局:五进庭院

    整个建筑群占地54,000平方米,四周环绕着砖墙。入口处矗立着四根高大的柱子和两块下马碑,指示骑马者必须下马——这提醒着人们该遗址的政治庄严性。正门通向三条通道:中间的通道专供皇帝使用(以一口大铜钟为标志),左侧供文官通行,右侧供武官通行。

    走进内部,五进庭院依次展开,每一进都有着独特的用途与特色。前两进是宁静的学习空间,古树参天,草坪修剪整齐。第一进庭院从大门延伸至Dai Trung门,两侧分别是较小的Dat Tai门和Thanh Duc门。修剪成十二生肖形状的植物点缀在景观中——在百年古石之间增添了一抹趣味。

    Hanoi文庙正门 - DSC04519

    图片由Daderot提供,来自维基共享资源 (CC BY-SA)

    Khue Van阁

    第二进庭院矗立着建于1805年的Khue Van阁(也称Khue Van Pavilion),如今它已成为现代Hanoi天际线的标志。它建在四根刷白石柱上,有着红色的屋顶和两扇圆形窗户——在厚重与轻盈之间实现了优雅的平衡。阁内有一口铜钟,在吉庆场合会被敲响。阁上的诗词碑文颂扬了越南的古典文化。阁楼两侧是Suc Van门和Bi Van门,皆寓意着文学的精妙与修养。

    进士碑:刻在石头上的1307个名字

    穿过Khue Van阁便来到了第三进庭院及其核心景观:进士碑。从1484年开始,Le Thanh Tong皇帝下令用青石雕刻了116块石碑,每块石碑都放置在精美的神龟底座上。龟(Quy)是越南的四大神兽之一,象征着长寿与智慧。现存的82块石碑记录了1442年至1779年间举行的82场三年一科的殿试中,1,307名中第进士的姓名和籍贯。

    每块石碑上的雕刻都遵循中国古典的传统:赞颂在位君主、说明考试目的,以及列出组织考试的官员姓名。它们是研究越南教育、文化和石雕工艺的无价档案。过去,游客们会抚摸龟头以求好运;如今,一道防护栏将它们保护了起来。2011年,联合国教科文组织将这些石碑列入《世界记忆名录》。

    第三进庭院内还有Thien Quang井,两侧是两座大殿,曾经用来存放庙宇的珍宝和手稿。

    Hanoi文庙,2003年7月 14

    图片由Syced提供,来自维基共享资源 (CC BY-SA)

    祭祀核心区

    第四进庭院是庙宇的祭祀中心,可通过Dai Thanh门(两侧为Kim Thanh门和Ngoc Chan门)进入。两侧的偏殿曾设有祭坛,供奉孔子的72位贤人弟子以及著名的国子监司业Chu Van An。中央祭坛供奉着孔子及其弟子——这直观地提醒着人们,这里依然是一处受人尊崇的圣地,而不仅仅是一座博物馆。

    第五进庭院游客较少,它是整个建筑群的最后一部分。纵观全貌,石雕、碑文和建筑细节都值得细细品味:每一个元素都蕴含着与儒家价值观、越南历史以及皇家赞助相关的多重意义。

    如今的游览体验

    文庙每天开放,吸引着源源不断的越南学童、历史学家以及渴望远离Hanoi喧嚣街道寻求宁静的旅行者。宁静的庭院、深厚的历史意义与建筑之美的完美结合,使其成为这座首都最不容错过的目的地之一。建议预留1.5到2小时悠闲漫步,如果您想阅读碑文并解读庙宇的象征语言,可以安排更长的时间。

    常见问题解答

    文庙有多久的历史?它最初的用途是什么?

    文庙由Ly Thanh Tong皇帝于1070年建立,至今已有超过950年的历史。它最初用于供奉孔子及其弟子,后来成为越南第一所国立大学——国子监(Quoc Tu Giam)——负责培养国家的官僚与贵族精英。这一职能一直延续到1779年,当时Nguyen朝将首都迁至Hue,并在那里建立了一所新的国子监。

    文庙内的进士碑是什么?

    进士碑是Le Thanh Tong皇帝于1484年下令雕刻的石碑,原共有116块,现存82块。这些石碑由青石雕刻而成,每块都放置在神龟底座上——龟是越南四大神兽之一,象征着长寿与智慧——它们记录了82场三年一科的殿试中1,307名中第进士的姓名和籍贯。它们坐落于第三进庭院,穿过Khue Van阁即可看到。

    什么时候是体验独特文化的最佳游览时间?

    建议在Tet(越南农历新年)到来之前游览,届时书法家们会聚集在庙门外,用汉字书写祝福语——这些字画会被作为礼物赠送,或挂在家里祈求来年好运。这座占地54,000平方米的建筑群全年开放,但这一季节性传统为其增添了一层鲜活的文化实践色彩,这在Hanoi Ba Dinh区的其他历史遗址中是难得一见的。