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Tet:越南农历新年行前须知 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Destinations · all · hanoi

Tet:越南农历新年行前须知

“Tet”(Tet Nguyen Dan)即越南农历新年,是全年最盛大的庆典。它通常在1月底或2月到来,伴随着家庭团聚、祭祖、红包和特色美食。以下是游客需要了解的信息。

By the Wayfarer teamFeb 25, 20264 min read
Peaceful view of Turtle Tower in Hanoi framed by branches over serene Hoàn Kiếm Lake.
↑ Peaceful view of Turtle Tower in Hanoi framed by branches over serene Hoàn Kiếm Lake.Photo by Toàn Văn on Pexels
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#tet#lunar new year#hanoi#ho chi minh city#vietnamese culture#family reunion#festivals#travel planning
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    什么是 Tet?

    “Tet”是“Tet Nguyen Dan”的简称,即 Vietnam(베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)的农历新年,通常在公历的1月底或2月底到来。它标志着农历正月初一和春天的到来。

    “Tet(뗏 (베트남 설날) / 越南春节 / テト (ベトナム旧正月))”这个词本身的意思是“节日”,但在越南语中,它几乎专指农历新年庆典。对于海内外的越南家庭来说,这是一年中最重要的节日。排在第二位的是中秋节(“Tet Trung Thu”)。

    Tet 从农历正月初一至少持续到初三。在此期间,全国大部分地区都会停摆——商店关门,公交车上挤满了返乡的旅客,餐厅和景点缩短营业时间或完全关闭。如果您在 Tet 期间身处 Vietnam,会发现这里比平时安静得多,尤其是在城市里。

    Tet 在什么时候?

    Vietnam 采用阴阳历(同时考虑太阳和月亮的运行轨迹)。Tet 通常与中国的农历新年在同一天,不过由于 Vietnam 和中国之间有一小时的时差,有时日期会相差一天。在极少数情况下(例如1985年),Vietnam 的 Tet 比中国早了一个月。

    在公历中,根据年份的不同,Tet 可能在1月底到2月底之间的任何时间到来。在预订行程前,请务必查看农历。

    Vietchu

    图片由 vi:Thành viên:Casablanca1911 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    历史渊源

    Tet 的起源与 Vietnam 悠久的历史息息相关。中国曾统治 Vietnam 超过1000年(公元前111年至公元10世纪),深刻影响了越南的文化、语言和习俗。农历和发红包给压岁钱的传统都可以追溯到这种影响。

    然而,随着时间的推移,Vietnam 发展出了自己独特的 Tet 习俗。越南的十二生肖包括水牛、猫和山羊,这与中国生肖中的牛、兔和羊不同。像“banh chung”(方形糯米粽)和“banh tet”(圆柱形糯米粽)等传统的 Tet 美食更是 Vietnam 独有的。

    几个世代以来,学者们对 Tet 的确切起源一直存在争议。虽然大多数人认为它源于中国统治时期,但一些越南历史资料表明,它可能有更早的、独立的起源。研究员 Toan Anh 将 Tet Nguyen Dan 描述为一年的第一个节日,从午夜的 Tru tich 仪式开始。历史学家 Tran Van Giap 将 Tet Nguyen Dan 追溯到公元一世纪,当时 Vietnam 北部处于汉朝管辖之下。关于 Lang Lieu 和“banh chung”的传说暗示,Tet 在中国正式统治前1000多年就已经存在,尽管目前仍缺乏实质性的考古证据。

    Tet 的庆祝方式:主要习俗

    新年第一访(Xong Nha / Xong Dat)

    人们相信,大年初一第一位登门拜访的客人将决定这个家庭一整年的运势。因此,各个家庭会精心挑选他们的第一位客人——通常是运气好或生肖相合的人。这个习俗被称为“xong nha”(进屋)或“xong dat”(踏地),人们对此非常看重。在这一天,不请自来的客人是不会随便串门的。

    红包与新衣

    长辈会给孩子们装有压岁钱的红包——在北方称为“mung tuoi”,在南方称为“li xi”。孩子们会穿上新衣服(通常是代表好运的红色),在接过红包前向长辈致以传统的 Tet 问候。节日期间穿红色衣服非常普遍,因为它象征着好运。

    祭祖

    从农历腊月二十三到除夕,各个家庭会去扫墓,清理和修整祖坟,并在家中的神龛前供奉祭品。这是 Tet 的核心环节——缅怀逝者,并加强世代相传的家庭纽带。

    传统的 Tet 美食

    每个越南家庭都会准备特别的菜肴,包括“banh chung”、“banh tet”、“banh day”(糯米饼)、“canh kho qua”(苦瓜汤)、“thit kho hot vit”(鹌鹑蛋红烧肉)、笋干汤(“canh mang”)、“gio”(肉卷)和“xoi”(糯米饭)。这些菜肴承载着与新年和家庭传承相关的象征意义。

    大扫除

    在 Tet 到来之前,家家户户都会进行彻底的大扫除,以扫除厄运,为好运腾出空间。在节前的几周里,市场上熙熙攘攘,到处都是购买新衣、装饰品和食材的顾客。

    拜访与聚会

    Tet 是团聚的时刻。人们纷纷回到家乡与家人团聚。在初一(留给直系亲属)之后,人们会拜访亲戚、朋友和邻居,互致新年问候,增进社交联系。

    Tet 祭品,Hue 2011

    图片由 Titti Nguyen 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    Tet 的三个阶段

    庆典分为三个阶段进行:

    1. Tat Nien(岁末):准备期,大约在 Tet 前的两周
    2. Giao Thua(除夕):新年前夜,一个关键的过渡时刻
    3. Nam Moi(新年):最初的三天及之后,以庆祝和家庭时光为标志

    Tet 期间旅行:注意事项

    如果您在 Tet 期间身处 Vietnam,请做好应对交通拥挤、营业时间缩短以及不同生活节奏的准备。许多餐厅、商店和小型景点会关闭3至7天。公交车和航班需要提前几个月预订。旅游区的酒店可能会继续营业,但价格会更高。

    如果可能的话,尽量避免在 Tet 的高峰周期间旅行。相反,您可以选择在节前(12月底至1月初)或节后(2月底以后)来访,体验没有假日拥堵的 Vietnam。如果您确实要在 Tet 期间停留,请尽情享受这里更为宁静的氛围,接受有限的服务,并考虑参观寺庙和佛塔,这些地方依然热闹,能让您一窥庆典精神层面的一面。