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Banh Mi:越南如何将法式长棍面包变得更美味 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Food & Drink · all · hanoi

Banh Mi:越南如何将法式长棍面包变得更美味

从法国殖民时期的面包房到全球街头美食的标志,“banh mi”是一堂20厘米长的烹饪改良课。以下是越南如何将法棍变成自己独有美食的故事。

By the Wayfarer teamMar 17, 20264 min read
Close-up of a fresh and vibrant Vietnamese Bánh Mì sandwich served with a message saying 'Good Morning, Vietnam'.
↑ Close-up of a fresh and vibrant Vietnamese Bánh Mì sandwich served with a message saying 'Good Morning, Vietnam'.Photo by Jordan Coleman on Pexels
Tags
#banh mi#street food#vietnamese cuisine#french influence#sandwich#history
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    Banh Mi 究竟是什么

    Banh mi 是一种越南三明治,以法棍面包为基础,外皮酥脆,内部蓬松、几乎中空。标准的搭配包括:肉酱、蛋黄酱、腌白萝卜和胡萝卜、新鲜香菜、黄瓜、辣椒以及越南冷切肉(最常见的是“cha lua”,即越南扎肉)。变体版本包括烤猪肉(“thit nuong”)、沙丁鱼、“xiu mai”(猪肉丸)或鸡蛋。素食版本则将肉类换成豆腐或蘑菇。

    在越南(베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム),你随处都能找到它的身影——街头小推车、家庭经营的小店、菜市场。根据馅料和地点的不同,价格在 15,000 到 35,000 VND 之间。Hanoi 和 Ho Chi Minh City 的摊贩最为密集,但每个小镇上都至少有一位卖 banh mi 的阿姨。

    它可以是早餐、零食,也可以是午餐。它的便携性和亲民的价格使其成为越南最早的快餐,比麦当劳的出现早了几十年。

    法国人带来了面包,越南人让它大放异彩

    19世纪50年代末,法棍面包随着法国殖民者来到了越南南部。到了19世纪70年代,它传到了 Hanoi(当时被称为东京)和 Hue(安南)。法国人建造了砖砌的面包房来服务他们自己的人口——当地的越南和华人劳工负责实际的烘焙工作,但他们只能待在后厨,不为人知。

    早期的面包房有着三级制度:面包大师(薪水最高,控制整个流程)、分面工(负责分块和塑形)以及和面工(薪水最低)。这里的面包采用纯正的法国工艺——小麦粉、盐、酵母和水。没有馅料,也没有本地食材。

    越南不产小麦,因此进口面粉非常昂贵。在最初的50年里,法棍面包是奢侈品。法国人以经典的方式食用它们:切片,放在盘子里,搭配火腿、肉酱、奶酪和黄油。越南的上流社会也接受了这种吃法。

    1861年,诗人 Nguyen Dinh Chieu 在一首挽歌中提到了 banh mi,这是已知最早的文学记载。当时,北方称之为“banh tay”(西方面包);而南部和中部地区则使用 banh mi 这个词。

    Hanoi 拼图

    图片由 Cheong 提供。最初由 Cheong Kok Chun 上传至英文维基百科,通过 Wikimedia Commons 共享 (CC BY-SA)

    第一次世界大战改变了一切

    1914年一战爆发时,法国殖民政府没收了德国人拥有的装满欧洲货物的进口仓库。成千上万的法国士兵和官员回国参战。市场上充斥着廉价的过剩小麦和欧洲主食。

    与此同时,小麦进口中断。为了延长供应,越南面包师开始在面粉中掺入大米粉。结果诞生了“pain de riz”(米面包),这是一种更柔软、更轻盈的法棍,能更好地适应越南炎热潮湿的气候。在热带天气中面包很容易变质,因此商店每天烘焙两次。

    到了1920年,普通的越南老百姓也能买得起 banh mi 了。街头摊贩在早餐时段出售小面包(“petit pain”)。人们涂上黄油和糖吃,蘸着汤吃,或者搭配煎蛋卷和咖啡一起吃。在保大帝时期,Hue 的皇室宫廷也供应 banh mi。

    它是如何变得“越南化”的

    1954年法国人离开后,越南南部的厨师们开始使用当地食材对这种三明治进行改良。黄油变成了蛋黄酱(更便宜,在高温下也更稳定)。肉酱保留了下来,但涂得很薄。腌制蔬菜(“do chua”)和新鲜香草取代了生菜。辣椒增加了辣味。冷切肉被切得更薄以降低成本。

    法棍本身也发生了变化——变得更短(20–40 厘米),内部更加中空以便装入馅料,外壳比原版的法国法棍更薄、更脆。越南面包师使用了小麦粉和大米粉的混合物,外加一个秘诀:在烘焙过程中在面包上刷水,以创造出标志性的酥脆口感。

    到了20世纪60年代,banh mi 已经完全“越南化”了。banh tay 这个名字消失了。每个城市都有自己的风格:Hanoi 偏爱烤猪肉和肉酱;Saigon 添加了更多的酸菜和蛋黄酱;Hue 则使用更辣的辣椒酱。

    Hanoi 越南 无处不在的塑料椅子-01

    图片由 CEphoto, Uwe Aranas 提供,通过 Wikimedia Commons 共享 (CC BY-SA)

    Banh Mi 走向世界

    1975年之后,一波又一波的越南移民潮将 banh mi 带到了美国、澳大利亚、法国和加拿大。海外的越南社区在小 Saigon 街区开设了店铺。这种三明治再次入乡随俗——有时用墨西哥胡椒代替越南辣椒,或者用凉拌卷心菜代替腌白萝卜。

    到了21世纪初,西方美食媒体发现了它。《卫报》将其列为世界上最美味的三明治之一。从纽约到波特兰的美国城市都出现了 banh mi(반미 / 越式法包 / バインミー)美食节和专卖店。英语化的拼写“banh mi”(没有变音符号)成为了英语中的标准用法。

    今天,你几乎可以在每一个有越南侨民的国家找到 banh mi。有些很正宗,但很多并不地道。最美味的 banh mi 依然在越南,由那些做了30年法棍三明治的摊贩们亲手制作。

    在越南去哪里吃

    Hanoi: Banh Mi 25 (25 Hang Ca, Hoan Kiem) —— 猪肉、肉酱、鸡蛋,25,000 VND。早上 6 点营业,通常到上午 10 点就售罄。

    Ho Chi Minh City: Banh Mi Huynh Hoa (26 Le Thi Rieng, District 1) —— 塞满了冷切肉和肉酱,45,000 VND。做好排队的准备。

    Hoi An: Banh Mi Phuong (2B Phan Chau Trinh) —— 安东尼·波登在《无国界吃货》节目中吃过的那家。烤猪肉或猪肉丸,20,000–30,000 VND。

    避开 Saigon 的 Ben Thanh Market 或 Hanoi 老城区附近的游客陷阱,那里一个更小的三明治要价 60,000+ VND。最美味的 banh mi 往往出自那些挤满当地人、价格牌上只写着越南语的街头小推车。