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Thet xoan 歌手:让古老艺术焕发生机的农民与出租车司机 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Destinations · north · viet-tri

Thet xoan 歌手:让古老艺术焕发生机的农民与出租车司机

在 Phu Tho 省,Thet xoan 剧团的成员包括出租车司机、农民和工厂工人,他们放下日常工作,演唱流传了几个世纪的祭祀歌曲。我们在他们的公共集会所拜访了他们,一探这项古老传统的生存之道。

By the Wayfarer teamFeb 22, 20264 min read
Motorcycles and signs fill a lively street in urban Vietnam, showcasing daily life.
↑ Motorcycles and signs fill a lively street in urban Vietnam, showcasing daily life.Photo by Tuan Vy on Pexels
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#phu tho#viet tri#xoan singing#intangible heritage#traditional art#cultural tourism
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    当团长发出召唤

    在 Phu Tho 省,xoan 演唱并非博物馆里的陈列品——它是一种鲜活的实践,而让它保持生机的人们平时都有着全职工作。39岁的 Nguyen Van Tuan 在 Viet Tri 开出租车。在最近一次于 Thet 公共集会所的演出前几分钟,他停好车,换上传统的 [ao dai](/posts/ao-dai-vietnam (베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)-national-garment) 和头巾,摇身一变成了一名 kep xoan——即男性歌手和鼓手之一。演出结束后,他又回去继续工作。

    44岁的 Le Thi Hoa 经营着一家水疗中心。为了这场演出,她关门歇业。“我在日本工作时,非常想念 xoan 演唱。我会在 YouTube 上看视频,”她告诉我们。2022年底回到越南的三天后,她重新加入了剧团。她的女儿出生于2006年,小时候在排练现场旁听,靠耳朵学会了这些旋律。现在,她和母亲同台献唱。

    Thet 剧团有80多名成员,其中16人是官方认可的民间艺人。大多数人都有其他工作。但是,当61岁的团长 Bui Thi Kieu Nga(她从演唱 xoan 的父母那里继承了这一职位)召集排练时,他们都会如约而至。

    在 Thet 你会听到什么

    “Xoan”的意思是在公共集会所门前进行的祭祀演唱。这种形式非常古老,据信可以追溯到 Hung Kings 时代。在我们拜访的那个下午,剧团表演了三个类别:

    • “Hat tho”(祭祀演唱) —— 最初在村庄节日期间为国王和官员表演。歌曲“Dong dam”就属于这一阶段。
    • “Hat qua cach”(程式化演唱) —— 赞美祖国和各行各业的劳动人民。“Doi day cach”歌颂了学者、农民、工匠和商人。
    • “Hat hoi”(节日演唱) —— 年轻男女之间的对唱,如“Bo bo”。

    没有乐器,只有鼓声、人声和简单的舞蹈动作。这是最原始的形式——没有伴奏,没有任何添加。六名女歌手(dao xoan)穿着传统的 ao dai,戴着 khan mo qua 头巾。鼓手们则穿着 ao dai,戴着 khan dong 头巾。在表演之前,所有人都必须在公共集会所内完成一项仪式。

    San Xoan 教堂(12世纪),位于里瓦达维亚 - 加利西亚-2

    图片由 Lmbuga (Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez) 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    四个神圣的演唱村庄

    Thet 是被认为是 xoan 演唱发源和繁荣的四个公社之一:Thet、An Thai、Kim Dai 和 Phu Duc。它们都位于 Phu Tho 省。建于几个世纪前的 Thet 公共集会所深深地融入了剧团的身份认同中——他们定期在那里排练和演出。

    2011年,联合国教科文组织将 xoan 演唱列入《急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录》。到了2017年,得益于 Phu Tho 省的保护工作,它被升级列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》。

    它是如何传承的

    在2013年之前,这门技艺几乎完全在家族内部传承。Bui Thi Kieu Nga 的父母都是 xoan 歌手;她从小就跟着学。另一位民间艺人 Nguyen Thi Nga 在九岁时开始学习,她的母亲也是 Phu Duc 剧团里一位技艺精湛的歌手。嫁到 Thet 村后,她继续演唱,并把技艺传授给自己的子孙。

    后来,在2013年,公社开始开设正式的夜校课程。现在,村里四五代人会聚在一起演唱。67岁的 Le Thi Nhan 说,她的女儿、孙女和孙子都会唱这些歌。“有时候,还没认字的小孩光是看着妈妈和奶奶,就能跟着哼唱出歌词,模仿舞蹈动作,”她解释道。

    San Xoan 教堂(12世纪),位于里瓦达维亚 - 加利西亚-4

    图片由 Lmbuga (Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez) 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    春季节庆之外的演出

    Thet 的歌手们现在会前往 Bac Ninh、Cao Bang 和 Hanoi 参加文化交流活动。他们在 Hung Temple Festival 的活动上表演,游客们经常驻足体验这种民间艺术。Le Thi Hoa 说,刚开始学习 xoan 很困难,但一旦掌握了歌词,她就变得充满热情,渴望学会家乡所有原汁原味的歌曲。

    与剧团合作多年的音乐家 Nguyen Quang Long 在2024年发起了一个项目,旨在录制 xoan 歌曲并将其上传到网络。第一期涵盖了16首歌曲,包括3首祭祀阶段的歌曲和13首程式化阶段的歌曲。视频在所有四个神圣地点进行了拍摄:Lai Len Temple(Phu Duc)、Thet 公共集会所(Thet)、Kim Dai 公共集会所(Kim Dai)和 An Thai 公共集会所(An Thai)。拍摄手法刻意保持了质朴的风格——没有后期配音,只有原生态的表演,以捕捉其最真实的一面。

    造访 Thet

    Thet 公社位于 Phu Tho 省的 Viet Tri 市,在 Hanoi 以北约110公里处。公共集会所是剧团活动的中心。早春(2月底至3月)是 xoan 表演的黄金季节,尤其是在 Hung Kings' Festival 前后。剧团也欢迎顺道前来体验这门艺术的游客。如果你好奇一首古老的祭祀歌曲如何在出租车司机和农民的手中留存下来,或者一个孩子如何仅仅坐在角落里就能吸收旋律的精髓,那么 Thet 绝对值得你绕道一访。