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Ao dai:越南国服——历史与风格指南 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Travel Tips · all · hanoi

Ao dai:越南国服——历史与风格指南

“ao dai”(奥黛)是越南最具标志性的传统服饰——这种由修身长衫和丝绸长裤组成的服装,从18世纪的宫廷服饰演变为了越南民族认同的象征。了解它的起源、地域风格,以及在哪里购买或穿着。

By the Wayfarer teamMar 2, 20264 min read
Ao dai
↑ Ao daiImage via Wikipedia (Ao dai, CC BY-SA)
Tags
#ao dai#traditional clothing#vietnamese culture#fashion#tet#shopping guide
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    什么是 Ao Dai?

    “ao dai (아오자이 / 奥黛 / アオザイ)”是越南的传统服饰,由开叉长衫和丝绸长裤组成。虽然它被广泛认为是越南女性柔美的象征,但同样也是男性的正式礼服。今天你最常见到的款式,是20世纪30年代由 Hanoi 艺术家 Cat Tuong(她的店铺名为“Le Mur”)推广的修身两件套设计。这种被称为“ao dai Le Mur”的风格借鉴了法式剪裁,并一直作为标准款式流传至今。

    在历史上,“ao dai”是一个更宽泛的概念。早期的设计包括“ao ngu than”(五身袄)、“ao tu than”(四身袄)、“ao tac”(宽袖袄),以及宫廷贵族穿着的交领长袍。但出于实用目的,对于想要购买的游客来说,你所寻找的通常是20世纪30至50年代经过改良的流线型版本。

    起源与早期演变

    ao dai 的历史可以追溯到18世纪阮主统治 Hue 的时期。它的直接前身是 ao ngu than(五身袄),这是一种带有宽大衣襟、高领且剪裁宽松的五片式长衫——比今天的版本要宽松得多。女性穿着时通常会解开最上面的纽扣,露出里面的“yem”(肚兜)。

    1744年是一个转折点,当时 Hue 的阮福阔(Nguyen Phuc Khoat)下令,宫廷中的男女都必须穿长裤和前开扣的长袍。这一举措将南方宫廷与北方区分开来,当时北方郑主的朝臣们仍然穿着交领长袍和长裙。历史记载表明,阮福阔的设计受到了中国明朝服饰剪裁的影响。

    现代 Ao Dai —— 20世纪20年代至50年代

    这种服饰在20世纪经历了彻底的现代化改良。Hue 的同庆女子高中(Dong Khanh Girls' High School,建于1917年)将 ao dai 定为校服。第一个现代化版本于1921年在巴黎的一场时装秀上亮相。

    到了20世纪30年代,Cat Tuong 的“Le Mur”设计取得了突破性进展:这是一种及地长衫,通过省道和收腰设计贴合身体曲线。廉价且丰富的布料意味着不再需要多层穿搭或厚重的衣襟。1935年1月,模特 Nguyen Thi Hau 在一篇报纸特写中展示了 Le Mur 风格——这一刻引发了广泛的流行。自力文团(Tu Luc van doan)的艺术家们将其作为现代民族服饰进行推广。从1934年开始,画家 Le [Pho](/posts/pho-vietnam (베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)-noodle-soup-guide) 对其进行了进一步的改良。

    在二战期间,这些西化的版本一度衰落。但在20世纪50年代,Saigon 的设计师们对其进行了进一步的改良。Thiet Lap 裁缝店的 Tran Kim 和 Dung 裁缝店的 Dung 引入了插肩袖以及从领口到腋下的斜缝设计。从1958年开始,南越第一夫人瑈夫人(Madame Nhu)推广了一种船领的变体。在1960年至1975年间,ao dai 的受欢迎程度达到了顶峰。各种变体应运而生:色彩鲜艳的“ao dai hippy”(1968年)以及开叉在腰部以上、衣摆及膝的实用型“ao dai mini”。

    穿着 ao dai 的越南女孩 3

    图片由 Zeus Studio Zeus Studio 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    你买到的是什么:Ao Dai 的结构

    一件传统的 ao dai 可分为以下几个部分:

    • Ta sau: 后衣襟
    • Ta truoc: 前衣襟
    • Co ao: 领口
    • Ong tay: 袖子
    • Eo (kich): 腰部
    • Duong ben: 内侧缝线
    • Nut bam: 钩环(暗扣)

    现代版本通常采用窄缝线、修身剪裁,并在正面配有纽扣或暗扣。你可以找到丝绸、棉布或合成混纺材质的款式,有纯色也有刺绣图案。

    今天谁在穿 Ao Dai?

    女性会在婚礼、Tet(春节)庆典、正式晚宴以及(在某些职业中)日常工作时穿着 ao dai。男性则会在婚礼和 Tet 期间穿着 ao gam(织锦版本,面料较厚且绣有图案)或定制的 ao dai。

    “Ao Dai 小姐”选美比赛在越南本土及海外越南裔社区中非常受欢迎,该比赛将这种服饰颂扬为女性优雅的象征——尽管现代的一些诠释正在挑战这种固有框架。

    穿着 ao dai 的越南女孩 2

    图片由 Zeus Studio Zeus Studio 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    在哪里购买或租赁

    Hanoi 的老城区(Hang Gai 和 Hang Dao 街)有几十家 ao dai 裁缝店和成衣店。广南省的古老商贸小镇 Hoi An 以定制剪裁而闻名——你可以在24到48小时内定制一件,价格在 200,000–500,000 VND(约合10到25美元)之间。Ho Chi Minh City 则拥有高端设计师品牌和大众市场选择。

    对于游客来说,旅游商店里的成衣 ao dai 价格更便宜(150,000–300,000 VND),但质量较差。在信誉良好的裁缝店定制的版本(Hoi An 是最稳妥的选择)价格在 400,000–800,000 VND 之间,且更加耐穿。

    文化须知

    传统上,ao dai 会搭配“non la”(圆锥形斗笠)或“khan van”(头巾)穿着。长期以来,它在南方的普及度一直高于北方,但其作为国家象征的地位在整个越南都经久不衰。现代的穿着者——学生、职场人士、新娘——都将其视为正式服装和文化标志。

    如果你在 Tet(春节)期间来访,或者计划参加正式晚宴,穿着 ao dai(如果你觉得舒适的话)是对越南文化表示尊重的一种方式,并且会得到热烈的回应。Hoi An 和 Hanoi 的大多数裁缝都能帮你找到适合你身形和舒适度的款式。