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Banh Mi:越南如何将法棍面包变成自己的 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Food & Drink · all · hanoi

Banh Mi:越南如何将法棍面包变成自己的

越南人将法式法棍面包掏空,塞入肝酱和腌制蔬菜,创造出世界上最美味的三明治之一。这背后有一段耐人寻味的历史。

By the Wayfarer teamApr 1, 20264 min read
A sumptuous Vietnamese meal set for Tet with traditional dishes, showcasing vibrant culture.
↑ A sumptuous Vietnamese meal set for Tet with traditional dishes, showcasing vibrant culture.Photo by Nguyen Truong Khang on Pexels
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#banh mi#street food#sandwiches#french influence#saigon
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    Banh Mi 究竟是什么

    Banh mi 是一种越南法棍三明治:外皮酥脆,内芯松软,夹入越式火腿("cha lua")、烤猪肉、肝酱、黄油或蛋黄酱、腌萝卜和胡萝卜、香菜、黄瓜和辣椒等各种食材。面包本身比法式法棍更短、更轻,通常长20至40厘米,内部掏空以容纳更多馅料。

    各地都有不同的做法。在 Hanoi,摊贩会搭配"xiu mai"(番茄酱猪肉丸)来卖 banh mi。在南部,沙丁鱼 banh mi 和"banh mi bo kho"(红烧牛肉)十分常见。素食版本则以豆腐或蘑菇代替肉类。这是最纯粹意义上的街头快餐:价格实惠,全天都能买到,品质之高让国际美食评论家将其列为世界最佳三明治之列。

    法棍面包是怎么来的

    19世纪中叶,法国殖民印度支那后,将法棍面包带入了越南南部。他们在 Saigon 修建砖砌面包坊,专门供应上层社会——即买得起进口小麦面粉的法国殖民者和富裕的越南人。对于大多数普通人来说,这种面包价格太贵,北方人称它为"banh tay"(西洋面包),南部和中部地区则叫它 banh mi。

    越南法国面包坊雇用了本地和华人工人,但将他们安排在顾客视线之外,以免让人知道面包出自越南人之手。工作分工明确:主面包师掌控全流程、拿最高工资,称重工负责整形,和面工则负责初步备料,薪酬最低。原料极为简单:面粉、盐、酵母、水。

    法棍面包约于1850年代末传入交趾支那(越南南部),1870年代初传入东京(越南北部),而 Hue 则是在法国人于香江南岸修建法国区后才有了法棍的身影。在 Hanoi,第一家面包坊开设于保罗·贝尔街(今春田街),彼时法国已于1874年《Saigon 条约》签订后在端水驻扎了100名士兵。

    在这一阶段,越南上层人士吃法棍的方式与法国人无异:切开后摆盘,搭配火腿、冷切肉、肝酱、奶酪和黄油——即"casse-croute"式吃法。普通百姓则基本上与这种面包无缘。

    Hanoi Montage

    图片来源:Cheong。原始上传者为英文维基百科用户 Cheong Kok Chun,经由维基共享资源发布(CC BY-SA)

    面包变得平价之后

    第一次世界大战改变了一切。数千名法国官员和士兵返回欧洲参战。法国殖民政府没收了印度支那的德国进口仓库,大量廉价欧洲商品涌入市场。与此同时,小麦进口受阻,面包师傅开始掺入米粉以延续供应。由此诞生的"pain de riz"——一种比原版法式法棍更松软、更轻盈的面包,口感也截然不同。

    普通越南人终于吃得起面包了。1910年前后,小法棍("petit pain")开始出现在街头小车上。人们上班途中顺手买一个,早餐时抹点黄油和糖吃,或者撕成小块蘸汤,或配着炒鸡蛋和冰咖啡一起吃。越南的炎热潮湿使面包极易变质,所以面包坊每天烤两次。

    Banh mi 开始出现在报纸、食谱和越南南部文学作品中。"banh tay"这个叫法逐渐被淘汰——当越南面包师掌管烤炉、千千万万越南人每天购买的时候,再叫"西洋面包"已经说不通了。

    Hanoi Vietnam The-omnipresent-plastic-chairs-01

    图片来源:CEphoto, Uwe Aranas,经由维基共享资源发布(CC BY-SA)

    馅料的演变

    法国人离开后,越南南部的面包师傅继续探索创新。黄油价格昂贵,于是换成了蛋黄酱。他们加入腌萝卜和胡萝卜增添爽脆与酸味,用新鲜香菜和黄瓜提升清新感,再配上辣椒带来辛辣。肉类——猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉——价格不菲,用量因此减少,转而以肝酱补足,既便宜又增添浓郁口感。

    面包本身变得比法式法棍更短、更轻、内部更空。这并非偶然,而是经过设计——为的是在不散架的前提下容纳更多馅料。外皮保持酥脆,内芯依然松软,整个三明治用纸包好,边走边吃毫无问题。

    到20世纪中叶,banh mi 与法式三明治已判若云泥。它已成为彻彻底底属于越南的食物:融合了殖民地食材、本土风味与务实的街头饮食智慧。

    现在去哪里吃

    越南到处都能找到 banh mi,但有几个地方值得专程前往:

    • Banh Mi Hoa Ma(Hanoi,Hoa Ma街24B号):经典 Hanoi 风格,配有肝酱、火腿,还可加煎蛋。早上6点开门,10点前售罄。约20,000至25,000越南盾。
    • Banh Mi Huynh Hoa(Ho Chi Minh City,第一郡 Le Thi Rieng街26号):以料足满溢的三明治闻名,内含五种肉类。需排队等候。40,000至50,000越南盾。
    • Banh Mi Phuong(Hoi An,Phan Chu Trinh街2B号):安东尼·波登2013年曾到访。至今依然出色,依然热闹。25,000至30,000越南盾。

    如果你在 Hanoi,想尝试肉丸版本(banh mi xiu mai),可以去老城区 Hang Be 街上寻找街头小车。在 Saigon,可以到 Ben Thanh Market 附近寻找 banh mi bo kho 的摊贩——他们约在早上6点出摊,通常到9点炖肉就卖完了。

    1975年后,banh mi 随越南海外移民传播到世界各地,成为全球各地越南城区的日常主食。在美国,人们直接叫它"banh mi",无需翻译。它是为数不多保留了越南名字、而没有被包装成"越式三明治"的越南食物之一。这本身就说明了一切。