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Canh Chua:定义湄公河餐桌的酸甜鱼汤

罗望子、菠萝、番茄和河鱼汇聚于一碗之中——Canh chua是湄公河三角洲的灵魂菜肴,值得每一位想要深入了解越南饮食文化的食客细细品味。

Wayfarer 团队May 26, 20265 分钟阅读
Delicious traditional Vietnamese duck soup with bamboo shoots served in a vibrant setting, showcasing authentic cuisine.
↑ Delicious traditional Vietnamese duck soup with bamboo shoots served in a vibrant setting, showcasing authentic cuisine.Photo by Thu Huynh on Pexels
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#canh chua#deep dive#guide#food#mekong delta#fish soup#southern vietnam#street food
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    罗望子带来的酸味、淡淡的甜味,配上河鱼和在汤中煮到软糯的蔬菜——“Canh chua”是每家越南餐桌上都会出现的家常菜,但却常常被那些追逐Pho或Banh Mi的游客所忽略。这实在是一种遗憾。

    究竟什么是 Canh Chua

    从本质上讲,Canh chua是一种酸辣汤,其核心风味由三部分构成:酸(me——罗望子,在北方有时用me chua——酸杨桃)、甜(来自菠萝,有时也加糖)和鲜(鱼露,这是汤底的灵魂)。蛋白质几乎总是鱼类——整条河鲶鱼、黑鱼或大耳鱼是经典之选——汤中还加入了各种带来不同口感的蔬菜。

    这道菜的灵魂蔬菜,也是判断你吃的是正宗南方“Canh chua”而非拙劣模仿品的关键,就是“bac ha”——芋头的海绵状乳白色茎。Bac ha像海绵一样吸满了酸汤,咬下去时汁水四溢。如果少了bac ha,这道汤就失去了灵魂。这碗汤通常会以“rau ngo om”(水芹/稻田草)、豆芽和少许炸蒜末作为点缀。

    这不是一道精致细腻的菜,它酸味浓郁、香气扑鼻,个性鲜明。它属于湄公河三角洲,就像Bun Bo Hue属于Hue一样——它的风味由地理环境、食材以及烹饪它的人们共同塑造。

    简史

    Canh chua的起源可以追溯到湄公河三角洲的开发史。在17世纪和18世纪,随着越南农民和渔民向南迁徙,进入如今的三角洲省份——Can Tho、An Giang、Dong Thap、Tien Giang,他们利用河流和洪泛区提供的丰富食材进行烹饪:大量的淡水鱼、野生罗望子、生长在红土中的菠萝以及芋茎。

    罗望子树原产于热带非洲,但在东南亚已生长了几个世纪。在越南南部,me(罗望子酱或豆荚)成为了首选的调酸剂。而在越南北部和中部,厨师们使用不同的调酸剂——下文将详细介绍——这就是为什么尽管全国各地都有类似版本,但Canh chua依然被视为一道南方菜。

    这道菜没有单一的发明者,也没有所谓的创始餐厅。它是平民美食,在洪泛区经过几代人的改良,这也是为什么如今最正宗的版本依然出自家庭厨房,而非高级餐厅菜单的原因。

    越南河畔村庄的航拍美景,绿意盎然。

    图片来源:Pexels上的maxed. RAW

    地区差异

    南方风格(湄公河三角洲和Saigon)

    这是最正宗的版本。使用罗望子汤底,加入菠萝块、番茄角、bac ha、豆芽和rau ngo om。鱼的选择很广泛:ca bong lau(鲶鱼)、ca loc(黑鱼),或是庆典时才会用的ca tai tuong(大丝足鲈),后者通常会单独炸酥,在食用时配在汤旁,而不是直接煮在汤里。汤底应该酸味尖锐、带有轻微甜味,并呈现出鱼露带来的金黄色。一定要搭配白米饭食用。

    在Saigon,你可以在每个区的com binh dan(快餐店)找到Canh chua,一锅家庭份量的陶罐汤价格在40,000至80,000 VND之间。

    中部风格(Da Nang、Hue)

    中部版本减少了甜味,更偏向于纯粹的酸味。这里的厨师更倾向于使用me chua甚至dua chua(酸芥菜)作为调酸剂。Bac ha有时会被竹笋或香蕉花取代。汤底更清澈,颜色也更浅。如果你吃过Hue的Bun Bo Hue,就会发现Hue的烹饪风格偏向尖锐直接——该地区的Canh chua也具有这一特点。

    北方风格

    北方版本相对少见,但类似Canh chua的汤品在Hanoi的烹饪中以不同名称出现。Me(罗望子)在这里较少见;厨师可能只用giam(醋)或番茄来调酸。成品味道更温和,更接近简单的番茄鱼汤。在Hanoi点一份来对比一下很有趣,但不要抱有太高期望——它尝起来完全是另一道菜。

    如何点餐

    在com binh dan(快餐店),Canh chua几乎总是出现在菜单上。你可以指着柜台上的陶罐,或者说“cho toi mot to canh chua”(给我一碗Canh chua)。在将它作为主菜的餐厅,你通常可以选择鱼的种类——ca loc(黑鱼)是一个不错的默认选择,肉质紧实,在汤中非常鲜美。

    在湄公河三角洲,一些餐厅会提供ca tai tuong ca ri(大丝足鲈),将整条鱼炸得酥脆,立在盘中,而Canh chua汤底则放在旁边的燃气灶上。你可以撕下酥脆的鱼肉蘸汤吃。这是一顿完整的大餐,而不仅仅是一道配菜。在这些地方,两人用餐的预算约为350,000–600,000 VND。

    吃Canh chua一定要配com trang(蒸白米饭)。在两口之间将汤淋在米饭上。Bac ha随着煮的时间变长会稍微软烂,建议尽早食用。

    一碗令人垂涎的越南Pho,配有新鲜香草和配菜,是美食爱好者的最爱。

    图片来源:Pexels上的FOX ^.ᆽ.^= ∫

    去哪里品尝正宗版本

    Quan Canh Chua Ca Loc — Can Tho。 三角洲的心脏地带。位于Hai Ba Trung和河畔市场区的一些家庭经营小店,几十年来一直保持着传统的制作方式:陶罐、黑鱼、足量的bac ha和rau ngo om,每份价格在60,000–90,000 VND左右。这里的鱼是现捕的,而非养殖的。

    Nha Hang Ngon — Saigon(3 Phan Dang Luu, Binh Thanh 及 160 Pasteur分店)。 这两家分店汇集了越南各地的特色菜。他们的ca bong lau(鲶鱼)版Canh chua非常地道且水准稳定——适合那些想要了解风味精髓而非辛苦寻觅街头小吃的游客。每锅约120,000 VND。

    Bep Hue — Hue(市中心,靠近皇城)。 为了体验中部风格的差异。这里的Canh chua使用香蕉花,汤底更酸、甜味更淡。搭配Bun Bo Hue或Banh Canh一起点,就能明白Hue的口味与南方有何不同。

    实用贴士

    Canh chua是一道共享菜肴——点一锅汤,配上米饭和其他一两道主菜即可。如果你对鱼类过敏,则完全无法享用,因为鱼露是汤底的结构性成分。如果你在7月至11月(洪水季节)前往湄公河三角洲,那是鱼类最肥美的季节:河水上涨,捕获的鱼最为新鲜。