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Hat Xam:正在复兴的越南盲人乞丐音乐 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Destinations · north · hanoi

Hat Xam:正在复兴的越南盲人乞丐音乐

几个世纪以来,Hat xam 一直由盲人街头艺人传唱——后来却几乎销声匿迹。以下是如今在 Hanoi 哪里可以现场聆听这种音乐的指南。

By the Wayfarer teamMay 15, 20264 min read
Two women in traditional attire playing string instruments outside a homestay.
↑ Two women in traditional attire playing string instruments outside a homestay.Photo by Quang Nguyen Vinh on Pexels
Tags
#hat xam#music#tradition#intangible heritage#hanoi old quarter#folk music#cultural heritage#hoan kiem
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    “Hat xam”是越南 (베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム) 最古老的民间音乐传统之一,在20世纪的大部分时间里,它似乎已经走向了终结。如今,它又回到了 Hanoi 的街头——前提是你得知道去哪里寻找。

    Hat Xam 究竟是什么

    “Hat xam”的意思接近于“暗之歌”或“盲之歌”——xam 这个词既指代视障人士灰暗的世界,也带有一丝贫穷的色彩。这一传统可以追溯到 Tran 朝(13至14世纪),其半传奇的起源故事归功于一位名叫 Tran Quoc Dinh 的盲人王子,他在被逐出宫廷后学会了卖唱乞讨。无论这个故事是历史事实还是民间传说,它都奠定了一个基调:Hat xam 是一种出于生存需要而诞生的音乐,由盲人和低收入的流浪者在集市、渡口和寺庙门口表演。

    它的乐器配置非常简单。一把 dan bau(独弦琴)、一个 trong(小鼓),有时还有一把 nhi(二胡)和竹制打击乐器。歌手通常单独或以小团体形式表演,他们会根据观众即兴创作或改编歌词,内容无所不包,从爱与失去,到对日常苦难的评论。从真正意义上讲,这就是配上音乐的街头新闻。

    为什么它几乎消失

    20世纪对 Hat xam 并不友好。城市化让人们离开了这种音乐赖以生存的渡口和集市广场。在20世纪50至70年代,国家文化政策对它的分类十分尴尬——它与贫穷和乞讨的联系过于紧密,无法完全融入旨在提升“quan ho”(官贺)民歌和“[ca tru](/posts/ca-tru-hanoi (하노이 / 河内 / ハノイ)-traditional-music)”(歌筹)室内乐等形式的国家文化声望议程。到了20世纪80年代,这一传统已经萎缩到只剩下少数几位年迈的表演者,其中最著名的是 Nguyen Thi Chuc 和 Ha Thi Cau,后者在2013年去世前几乎成为了一座活档案。

    更大的结构性问题在于:Hat xam 没有体制内的归宿。Ca tru 有行会。Quan ho 在 Bac Ninh 有它的节日巡演。而 Hat xam 只有街角,而街角却在不断消失。

    一位穿白裙的女子在郁郁葱葱的绿意中坐在船上弹奏 Dan Bau。

    照片由 Sang Tran 拍摄,来自 Pexels

    复兴之路与幕后推手

    转机始于21世纪初,当时研究人员和民族音乐学家开始对幸存的大师进行田野录音。Hanoi 的民间艺术研究与发展中心,连同 Tran Thi Hue 等独立音乐人以及 Hat Xam 复兴俱乐部旗下的团体,开始向年轻表演者教授这些曲目,以免它们随着最后一代亲历者的离去而消亡。

    现代复兴的有趣之处在于,它拒绝成为博物馆里的音乐。年轻的 Hat xam 表演者将这种形式融入露天表演,与当代作曲家合作,并将其带入大学校园和文化节。旋律和声乐装饰音依然保持传统;但表演环境被刻意营造得平易近人。

    社交媒体也起到了推波助澜的作用。2015年之后,Hat xam 街头表演的短视频被广泛传播,将这种流派介绍给了从未接触过它的二十多岁的越南观众。这创造了需求,也让表演者有了更多坚持下去的理由。

    在 Hanoi 哪里可以听到

    你能找到的最可靠的 Hat xam 现场表演是在 Hanoi 老城区周末步行街,通常在周六晚上。Hoan Kiem Lake 周边地区和 Dong Xuan Market 附近的街道有时会举办有组织的民间表演之夜,其中就包括 Hat xam 以及其他北方艺术形式的演出。

    位于 Hao Nam 街的越南国家音乐学院偶尔会举办公共文化之夜——如果你在这个城市停留超过几天,可以查看他们的日程安排。这些演出往往更正式,有座位,并会用越南语提供背景介绍。

    如果想看更随性的表演,周末晚上的老城区三十六行街区域仍然会出现非正式的表演者,尽管这比十年前更难预测。这座城市已经清理了许多曾经被认为是街道“无序”的现象,委婉地说,这意味着未经批准的街头表演比过去面临着更大的困难。

    有组织的文化之夜门票通常在 50,000–100,000 VND 之间。如果你碰巧遇到非正式的街头表演,请直接给表演者小费——这既是得体的做法,也会受到他们的感激。

    夜间亚洲市场摊位上充满活力的传统装饰和商品展示。

    照片由 HONG SON 拍摄,来自 Pexels

    Hat Xam、Ca Tru 与 Quan Ho 的对比

    游客经常将这三者统称为“越南传统音乐”,这就好比把爵士乐、蓝草音乐和福音音乐统称为“美国音乐”一样——虽然没错,但毫无启发性。

    Ca tru 是一种私密且充满智力意趣的音乐,最初是在私人室内为文人雅士表演的。它的演唱风格在技术上要求很高,歌手需要在弦乐器 dan day 和自己敲击的小桶鼓的伴奏下,控制微妙的节奏乐句。它于2009年被联合国教科文组织认可。

    Quan ho 是一种对唱形式——男女群体之间的呼应演唱,传统上与每年2月在 Bac Ninh 省举行的 Lim Festival 有关。它具有公共性和庆典色彩,与求偶仪式紧密相连。

    Hat xam 既没有那种精致感,也不具备那样的公共性。它是个体化的、迫切的,且起源于工人阶级。它的演唱更加直白地表达情感,歌词也更具叙事性。如果说 ca tru 值得静心聆听,quan ho 值得参与其中,那么 hat xam 则值得你仅仅在街角停下脚步去倾听——而这正是它一直以来被期望的聆听方式。

    实用提示

    如果你正围绕文化音乐规划一趟 Hanoi 之旅,那么老城区的周六晚上是你无需提前计划就能欣赏到 hat xam 的最佳选择。越南民族学博物馆(距离 Hoan Kiem Lake 约 4 km)也会定期举办传统表演活动,如果你停留时间较长,值得去留意一下。请保持耐心——Hanoi 的现场传统音乐表演时间安排比较松散,而最精彩的演出往往发生在你没有刻意寻找的时候。