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Pho 越南指南:高汤、地区与种类 (2026) | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Food & Drink · all · hanoi

Pho 越南指南:高汤、地区与种类 (2026)

牛骨慢熬12-18小时,加入八角和烤姜——Pho的高汤是整道菜的灵魂。Hanoi与南部风味的对比,pho ga、pho kho以及最常见的变体。

By the Wayfarer teamMar 25, 20264 min read
A delicious bowl of Vietnamese pho with beef and fresh garnishes served on a stone table.
↑ A delicious bowl of Vietnamese pho with beef and fresh garnishes served on a stone table.Photo by DUONG QUÁCH on Pexels
Tags
#pho#vietnamese cuisine#noodle soup#beef pho#chicken pho#street food#hanoi food#nam dinh food#broth#traditional food
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    什么是 Pho

    Pho(쌀국수 / 越南河粉 / フォー)是一碗骨汤扁米粉,配以牛肉片或鸡肉片,上面撒上葱花。高汤——牛骨、八角、肉桂、烤姜、草果——是整道菜的灵魂。你可以在桌上自己加青柠、辣椒酱、鱼露和胡椒粉。

    在Hanoi,端上来的就是一碗纯粹的粉。在南部,它会配上一盘豆芽、香菜、罗勒和刺芫荽。你可以把它当早餐,或者在午夜后享用。在大城市里,摊贩全天营业。

    牛肉粉("pho bo")和鸡肉粉("pho ga")占据主导地位,但你也能找到“pho cuon”(卷粉,无汤)、“pho sot vang”(红酒炖牛肉粉)、“pho kho”(干拌粉),以及Cao Bang的鸭肉粉、北部山区的烤猪肉粉和Gia Lai的酸汤粉。

    高汤

    一锅好的高汤需要熬制12-18小时。牛腿骨洗净,先煮一次并沥干水分以去除腥味。第二次煮才是关键。加入烤姜和烤洋葱。大火煮沸后,转微火慢炖。不断撇去浮沫,直到汤汁清澈。

    香料:八角、桂皮、草果、芫荽籽、丁香。配比是商业机密。在味精出现之前,厨师们用皮皮虾("tom he")来提鲜。有些人还会加入牛尾或虾干。

    米粉是用新鲜的米浆摊成薄饼后切成条状的。必须趁热上桌。

    Hanoi 拼图

    图片由 Cheong 提供。原始上传者为 en.wikipedia 的 Cheong Kok Chun,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    Pho 的起源

    最早的文字记载可以追溯到1827年——Pham Dinh Ho(范廷琥)的汉越字典中,用Nom(喃字)将一种中式面饼注释为“banh pho bo”(牛肉粉饼)。

    现代的 Pho 很可能在20世纪初出现于 Hanoi 或 Nam Dinh。有一种说法是,它起源于 Van Cu 村(现为 Ninh Binh (닌빈 / 宁平 / ニンビン) 省 Nam Dong 乡)——Co 家族烹制了这道美食,他们的后代将配方传遍全国。当 Nam Dinh 纺织厂开业,工人们需要便宜又顶饱的早餐时,这道菜便迅速流行起来。

    在 Hanoi,法国殖民时期,Pho 出现在 O Quan Chuong(清河门)附近。那个街区是法国家庭丢弃牛骨的垃圾场——当地人把牛骨捡回来,熬成高汤,在街边按碗售卖。有人说 Pho 起源于广东的“ngau yuk fan”(牛肉粉)。也有人指出它源于法国的火上锅(pot-au-feu)——采用了炖牛肉的方法,去掉了欧洲蔬菜,加入了越南香料。

    另一种理论认为:Pho 是由“xao trau”(水牛米线汤)演变而来的,后来改用牛肉和卷粉。

    作家 Nguyen Cong Hoan(阮公欢)记录了1913年在 Hanoi Hang Hai 街8号吃 Pho 的经历——每碗2 xu(分),有的3 xu,有的5 xu。街头小贩会拉长声音叫卖“pho day, pho o!”(卖粉咯!)。“pho”这个词首次出现在印刷品中是在1930年的《越南辞典》(Viet Nam tu dien)中,被定义为“与牛肉同煮的细面条”。

    鸡肉粉(Pho ga)于1939年问世。周一和周五是无牛肉日(可能与过去封建时期限制宰杀牛的规定有关——越南的水稻农业需要牛来耕地)。小贩们在这些日子里不能卖牛肉粉,所以改卖鸡肉粉。从那时起,这两种粉便共存至今。

    营养价值

    每碗包含18-20种食材。骨头提供钙质和明胶——对关节和生长发育有益。高汤溶解了香料中的矿物质(铁、锌)和维生素(B2、B3、B5)。牛肉为肌肉提供氨基酸、肌酸、左旋肉碱和钾。含有约50%的不饱和脂肪和维生素B12。每份新鲜米粉还能额外提供3毫克蛋白质、0.5毫克维生素B1和1.2毫克维生素B5。

    搭配的香草和青柠有助于调节胆固醇。

    Hanoi 越南 无处不在的塑料椅-01

    图片由 CEphoto, Uwe Aranas 提供,来自 Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)

    如何在家熬制高汤

    1. 骨头焯水。 牛腿骨冷水下锅,大火煮沸后捞出沥干。这一步是为了去腥。
    2. 二次炖煮。 换一锅清水,重新放入骨头。将姜和洋葱在明火上烤至表面焦黑,然后加入锅中。
    3. 撇去浮沫。 大火煮至沸腾。不断撇去表面的浮沫。加入少许冷水,再次煮沸,继续撇沫。重复此步骤直到汤汁清澈。
    4. 加入香料。 草果(2-3颗)、八角(3-4颗)、桂皮(5厘米)、芫荽籽(1茶匙)、丁香(3-4粒)。在平底锅中干焙2分钟,然后加入汤锅中。
    5. 慢火煨炖。 转至微火——水面每隔几秒冒出小泡,而不是剧烈翻滚。炖煮12-18小时。水分蒸发时适量加水。
    6. 调味。 在最后一小时加入鱼露、冰糖和盐调味。
    7. 过滤。 捞出骨头和香料渣。高汤应呈现清澈的淡琥珀色。

    将高汤浇在新鲜的“banh pho”(米粉)上,顶端铺上薄如蝉翼的生牛肉片(滚烫的高汤会将其烫熟)或白水煮鸡肉,再撒上葱花和香菜。

    去哪儿吃

    Hanoi:Pho Thin(13 Lo Duc)、Pho Gia Truyen Bat Dan(49 Bat Dan)、Pho Suong(24B Trung Liet)。仅限早晨供应,通常上午10点前就卖光了。

    Ho Chi Minh City:Pho Hoa Pasteur(260C Pasteur)、Pho Le(413-415 Nguyen Trai)、Pho 2000(1-3 Phan Chu Trinh——比尔·克林顿2000年曾在此用餐)。

    Nam Dinh:Pho Co Huong(Vi Xuyen 坊)——传承自 Van Cu 村原始家族配方的后人。

    街边摊每碗 30,000-60,000 VND,有空调的堂食餐厅则在 80,000-150,000 VND 之间。