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在越南带着食物过敏症就餐:花生、味精、鱼露与麸质 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Travel Tips · all · hanoi

在越南带着食物过敏症就餐:花生、味精、鱼露与麸质

花生隐藏在甜点和酱料中,味精几乎用于所有调味,而鱼露几乎存在于每一道咸味菜肴里。以下是安全享用越南美食的指南。

By the Wayfarer teamMar 3, 20266 min read
Fish sauce factory in Phu Quoc, Vietnam
↑ Fish sauce factory in Phu Quoc, VietnamImage via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA)
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    Vietnam (베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム) 的美食建立在少数几种核心食材之上,这意味着有常见过敏症的人会面临真正的挑战。花生、味精(MSG)、鱼露和小麦几乎出现在每一种地方菜系中——有时肉眼可见,但通常难以察觉。了解该点什么菜,以及如何用越南语沟通你的过敏情况,可能决定了你究竟是能享用一顿美餐,还是得去一趟药房。

    花生:隐藏在酱料与甜食中

    花生深深地融入了越南的烹饪中,想要避开它们需要时刻保持警惕。它们会出现在显而易见的地方——花生糖、花生酥、撒在“banh mi”上的碎花生——但也会出现在你意想不到的酱料里。

    “Nuoc leo”(花生蘸酱)是罪魁祸首。它常与“goi cuon”(春卷)、“banh mi”、烤肉以及许多街头小吃车的美食搭配。即使你点了没有花生的食物,餐厅也经常会把花生酱作为配料放在一旁或直接拌入其中。点餐时,首先要说的一句话应该是:“Toi bi di ung dau phong”(我对花生过敏)。

    不太明显的花生来源包括:磨入咖喱酱中的花生、用花生油调味的甜点,以及烤鸡的沙爹腌料。越南面包店经常在“banh mi”的馅料和糕点中使用花生油。如果你购买包装食品或在小店就餐,请务必让摊主检查成分或操作台面。

    更安全的选择:坚持吃“pho”或“bun rieu”等汤类、不带酱汁的米饭类菜肴,以及配酱油或青柠的烤肉。确认厨房没有使用与花生食品共用的案板或食用油。

    味精:在汤底里,在调味粉中

    味精(bot ngot,字面意思是“甜粉”)在越南厨房中无处不在。它被用来为“pho”、“bun bo Hue”和“hu tieu”的肉汤调味;它被撒在“com tam”(碎米饭)上;它也用于蘸酱调味。许多街头小贩和餐厅厨师都会毫不犹豫地抓起那些小袋子往锅里倒。

    如果你对味精敏感,面临的挑战是它并不总是被标明或肉眼可见。一碗“pho”的肉汤、蘸酱(“nuoc cham”)中可能含有味精,或者两者都有。“bun cha”也是如此——腌料中通常含有味精。

    你最好的办法是直接问:“Bot ngot co khong?”(有味精吗?)。问得具体一点:“Canh nay co bot ngot khong?”(这个汤里有味精吗?)。有些摊主会诚实地说有;另一些可能不知道,或者可能认为所有的肉汤天然都含有鲜味(确实如此,但不是粉末状的)。较小的摊位和家庭经营的小店通常更愿意为你调整做法或确认成分。

    更安全的选择:搭配新鲜香草和青柠的烤肉、米饭配蒸蔬菜、水果冰沙。避免任何预制或瓶装食品,除非标签上明确注明不含味精(hoi gat khi tay chua)。

    鱼露:几乎不可能完全避开

    鱼露(nuoc mam)是越南菜中的盐。它存在于沙拉酱、腌料、汤底、蘸酱,甚至一些甜点中。如果你对鱼露过敏,你基本上就排除了大多数菜肴中的一种核心成分。

    与花生或味精不同,你很难要求摊主在烹饪时不放鱼露。它已经在高汤、“nuoc cham”(蘸酱)和“nuoc leo”里了。要求他们重新做一道菜通常是不切实际的,尤其是在街头摊位。

    你的选择有限,但确实存在:

    • 无汤的蔬菜类菜肴:新鲜春卷(如果不配鱼露蘸酱的话)、只加青柠和盐的沙拉、烤蔬菜。
    • 米饭与蛋白质:白米饭配烤鸡肉或海鲜,仅用盐和青柠调味。你需要明确说明:“Khong nuoc mam, chi muoi va chanh”(不要鱼露,只要盐和青柠)。
    • 蛋类菜肴:“banh trang nuong”(鸡蛋烤米纸)、“trung oplet”(煎蛋卷)。明确说明油或馅料中不要放鱼露。
    • 水果和咖啡:新鲜水果、越南咖啡(尽管炼乳因摊贩而异)、椰子水。

    在餐厅(而不是街头摊位)就餐时,写下你的过敏原,或者向他们出示一张用越南语说明过敏情况的卡片。Hanoi、Saigon、Da Nang 和 Hoi An 的高档餐厅更有可能满足你的需求。街头小贩通常无法做到。

    麸质:以米饭为主的饮食文化帮了大忙

    实际上,麸质比其他三种过敏原的雷区要少。越南菜严重依赖大米——“pho”、“bun”、“com”、“banh mi”(米粉版)、“banh xeo”(米粉)、“banh cuon (반꾸온 / 蒸米卷 / バインクオン)”(米纸)、“goi cuon”(米纸)。甚至传统的小麦面条(“mi”)在市场上也越来越多地出现了米粉版本。

    主要的麸质来源:

    • 酱油:含有小麦。务必检查蘸酱和腌料。
    • “Banh mi (반미 / 越式法包 / バインミー)”面包:传统的法式长棍面包含有小麦,不过大城市中正在出现无麸质的替代品。
    • 部分肉汤:少数地方汤品使用小麦基的增稠剂,但这并不常见。
    • 包装零食和调味品:进口或加工食品可能含有小麦。

    更安全的选择:米粉(“bun”)、米纸卷、“com tam”、白米饭配蛋白质、烤肉配新鲜香草、“banh xeo (반세오 / 越南煎饼 / バインセオ)”(由米粉制成,但需向摊主确认)。如果你提出要求,许多“banh mi”摊贩会很乐意将面包换成米纸或生菜卷。

    如果你患有乳糜泻或非乳糜泻的麸质敏感,请务必确认酱油和蘸酱是无麸质的(使用日式无麸质酱油 tamari 代替标准酱油)。大多数餐厅手头不会有这个,但大城市里注重健康的咖啡馆会备有无麸质调味品。

    沟通你的过敏情况

    把它写下来。在越南,关于过敏的沟通可能会很模糊——摊贩可能无法完全理解,或者可能记不清别人制作的酱料里的成分。就餐前:

    • “Toi bi di ung [ingredient]”(我对[某成分]过敏)。花生:dau phong。鱼露:nuoc mam。味精:bot ngot(或 bot mi chinh,谷氨酸钠)。小麦/麸质:lua mi。
    • 随身携带翻译卡,如果你主要在街头摊位就餐。用越南语和英语写下你的过敏原。
    • 在餐厅点餐,而不是街头餐车,如果你的过敏很严重的话。堂食餐厅的员工更有可能认真对待你的需求,并且可以向厨房核实。
    • 在午餐时间就餐(上午11点至下午1点),此时摊贩不那么匆忙,更愿意回答问题。

    素食与纯素餐饮(附加提示)

    如果你也是素食主义者(“an chay”),你会发现每个城市都有专门的素食餐厅和摊位。然而,请注意,越南的“素食”有时包括鱼露和贝类酱。如果你完全不吃任何动物制品,请明确说明“an chay trai”(严格纯素)或列出你不吃的东西。

    常见问题解答

    如何用越南语告诉摊贩我对花生过敏?

    在点餐前说“Toi bi di ung dau phong”(我对花生过敏)。花生不仅作为配料出现,还存在于与 goi cuon、banh mi 和烤肉一起供应的 nuoc leo 蘸酱中——通常没有标明。更安全的选择包括 pho、bun rieu,或者只配酱油和青柠的纯烤肉。一定要询问是否使用了与花生食品共用的案板或食用油。

    如果我对味精敏感,点哪些越南菜更安全?

    搭配新鲜香草和青柠的烤肉、白米饭配蒸蔬菜,以及新鲜水果冰沙是风险较低的选择。挑战在于 bot ngot(味精)被用于为 pho、bun bo Hue 和 hu tieu 的肉汤调味,也出现在 bun cha 和 com tam 等碎米饭菜肴的腌料中。直接问摊贩:“Bot ngot co khong?”(有味精吗?)或“Canh nay co bot ngot khong?”(这个汤里有味精吗?)。家庭经营的小店通常更愿意确认成分或调整做法。

    鱼露最有可能在什么时候出现在我意想不到的菜肴中?

    鱼露(nuoc mam)几乎存在于越南烹饪的每一个阶段——肉汤、沙拉酱、腌料、nuoc cham 和 nuoc leo 等蘸酱,偶尔还有甜点。与花生不同,它通常在供餐前就已经煮入基础高汤中,这使得在街头摊位要求去除鱼露变得不切实际。不配鱼露蘸酱的新鲜春卷和无汤的蔬菜类菜肴,是对鱼类过敏的旅行者为数不多的现实替代选择。

    实用提示

    越南的街头美食非常棒,但对过敏者并不总是友好的。随身携带抗组胺药,如果你的过敏反应很严重,请了解附近诊所或医院的位置。主要城市(Hanoi、Saigon、Da Nang (다낭 / 岘港 / ダナン)、Hoi An)的高档餐厅和酒店更有可能满足复杂的饮食需求;小城镇可能没有会说英语的员工,也没有调整菜肴的灵活性。如果有疑虑,请点简单的烤制或水煮食物配新鲜蔬菜,并要求将酱料分开放置。