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越南素食指南与实用短语:该说什么、避坑指南与预期准备 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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越南素食指南与实用短语:该说什么、避坑指南与预期准备

一份专为素食者探索越南饮食文化的实用指南,内含必备短语、常见避坑指南,以及揭秘真正挑战所在的内行提示。

By the Wayfarer teamMay 23, 20266 min read
Vibrant celebration at the Ky Cung Ta Phu Temple Festival in Lạng Sơn, Vietnam.
↑ Vibrant celebration at the Ky Cung Ta Phu Temple Festival in Lạng Sơn, Vietnam.Photo by Vietnam Hidden Light on Pexels
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#tips#vietnam vegetarian phrasebook#vegetarian vietnam#food language#practical phrases
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    在越南(베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)吃素,听起来容易,但实际操作起来却比想象中难。这里的饮食文化中有数百种以植物为主的菜肴,但肉汤和鱼露却常常隐藏在你意想不到的地方。本短语手册将直击痛点,为你提供真正实用的短语、真实的消费情况,以及那些常让游客防不胜防的餐厅本地套路。

    核心短语:“Tôi là chay”

    从“Tôi là chay”(我是素食者)开始。这是你的基础表达,但还不够全面。越南语中有两种素食概念:“chay”(严格素食,受佛教影响,不吃葱蒜、不饮酒)和“chay kiêng”(吃素,但可以接受葱蒜)。大多数游客指的是后者。如果你不具体说明,餐厅可能会默认你是严格素食者——这会让你失去一半的选择。

    实际应该怎么说:

    • "Tôi không ăn thịt hoặc cá"(我不吃肉或鱼)——比单说“chay”更清晰。
    • "Không có mam tom, ca, hay thit"(不要虾酱、鱼或肉)——明确的黑名单。“Mam tom”(发酵虾酱)是隐藏的“杀手”。它常常潜伏在你以为纯素的沙拉、蘸料、汤和酱汁中。

    鱼露问题

    鱼露("nuoc mam")几乎存在于80%的越南咸味菜肴中。它是咸味的来源、鲜味的体现,更是菜肴的灵魂。当你说“不吃肉”时,很多厨师理解的是“没有看得见的肉”——而鱼露并不算在内。你需要明确点名不要鱼露。

    询问:"Có nuoc mam khong?"(里面有鱼露吗?)。如果你的越南语发音不准,可以写下来,或者在手机上展示给服务员看。

    更好的说法是:"Lam mon nay khong co nuoc mam, ca, tom, hay thit"(做这道菜时不要放鱼露、鱼、虾或肉)。这会迫使厨房重新制作这道菜,他们通常愿意这么做——价格通常不变,有时甚至更便宜。

    天然安全的菜肴

    这些菜肴几乎不需要怎么沟通:

    • "Banh mi"(前提是你明确表示不要肉酱,也不要含鱼露的蛋黄酱)。
    • "Banh xeo"(越式煎饼)——点“banh xeo rau”(蔬菜煎饼),并确认里面没有虾酱。
    • "Goi cuon"(越式春卷,新鲜的)——这些通常默认是素的;但要注意检查蘸酱(通常含有鱼露或虾酱)。
    • "Com tam"(碎米饭)——点蔬菜和豆腐的搭配;确认烹饪过程中没有使用鱼露。
    • "Bun rieu"——标准版是以螃蟹为底料的,但很多地方会做纯番茄版。可以问:"Bun rieu ca chua?"(番茄米线)。
    • "[Banh chung](/posts/banh-chung-tet (뗏 (베트남 설날) / 越南春节 / テト (ベトナム旧正月))-sticky-rice-cake)"(越南粽子,春节特供)——通常只有糯米、豆子和猪肉。也有素食版本,但需要提前预订。
    • "Hu tieu (후띠우 / 粿条 / フーティウ)"(清汤粉)——通常是猪骨汤底,但南部一些地方有蔬菜汤底的版本。一定要询问汤底的成分。

    成本因素

    在越南,素食非常便宜。街边摊的一盘炒蔬菜大约需要 20,000–40,000 VND(约合 0.85–1.70 美元)。要求“不加鱼露”重新制作通常不会改变价格。

    例外情况:“Chay”餐厅(严格的素食餐厅,通常与寺庙有关)价格稍贵——每道菜 40,000–70,000 VND——但能保证没有交叉污染。如果你是严格的素食者,多花点 VND 是值得的。

    在 Hanoi、Saigon 和 Da Nang (다낭 / 岘港 / ダナン),高档的西式素食餐厅每道菜收费 80,000–150,000 VND,主要迎合外籍人士的口味。真正的性价比之选?街边摊和家庭经营的小店。

    新鲜诱人的越南 Banh Mi 三明治特写,旁边写着“早安,越南”的字样。

    照片由 Jordan Coleman 提供,来源于 Pexels

    陷阱与隐蔽成分

    蚝油("dau hao")。通常被列为素食,因为它不是鱼露。但它是从牡蛎中提取的。如果你是纯素食者或严格素食者,你也需要排除它。可以问:"Khong co dau hao?"(没有蚝油吧?)

    炸豆腐("tahu chiên")。本身是安全的,但要确认它不是和肉在同一锅油里炸的。许多街边摊共用一口炒锅。

    蔬菜汤。汤底通常是用猪骨熬制过夜的。点“canh rau”(蔬菜汤)时要明确说明:"Lam voi nuoc loc rau, khong co xuong lợn"(用蔬菜汤底做,不要猪骨)。

    花生酱("sot den")。通常是素的,但最好确认一下。95%的情况下是安全的。

    蘑菇类菜肴。真正的素食。深受越南厨师喜爱,只要你提出要求,通常都能保证不放鱼露。

    餐厅类型与应对策略

    街边摊和 Pho (쌀국수 / 越南河粉 / フォー) 店:最难应付的地方,因为员工可能不会说英语,而且厨房管理比较松散。带上一张写有越南语的便签。指着蔬菜点单。看着他们烹饪。

    家庭经营的餐厅:中等难度。老板通常懂“不要肉”,但不懂“不要鱼露”。坚持你的要求。给他们看你的忌口清单。他们会重新做的。

    专门的素食餐厅(寻找带有“nha hang chay”标志或寺庙经营的地方):完全不需要沟通。随便点。价格比街头小吃贵 20–30%,但吃得安心。

    西式/外籍人士餐厅:很安全,因为他们会迎合各种饮食限制,但比较乏味,且价格是外面的 2-3 倍。

    按餐次分类的短语

    早餐:

    • "Banh mi (반미 / 越式法包 / バインミー) chay"(素食三明治)——无肉酱,多加蔬菜。
    • "Com tam (껌땀 / 碎米饭 / コムタム) rau"(蔬菜碎米饭)。
    • "Ca phe sua da (연유커피 / 越南冰咖啡 / ベトナムアイスコーヒー)"(冰炼乳咖啡)——几乎默认都是素的。

    午餐:

    • "Bun rieu ca chua khong ca khong tom khong thit"(番茄米线汤,不加鱼、虾或肉)。
    • "Banh xeo rau khong mam tom"(蔬菜煎饼,不加虾酱)。
    • "Dia rau xao"(炒蔬菜拼盘)。

    晚餐:

    • "Canh rau khong xuong"(蔬菜汤,不加骨头)。
    • "Tahu chiên xot den"(炸豆腐配花生酱)。
    • "Mi quang rau"(姜黄面配蔬菜)。

    小吃:

    • "Goi cuon rau"(蔬菜春卷)。记得确认蘸酱成分。
    • "Banh cuon rau"(蔬菜肠粉)。
    • "Cha gio rau"(炸春卷)——通常有肉,但也有素食版本。一定要问清楚。

    色彩缤纷的越南 Banh Mi 卷,周围环绕着新鲜蔬菜,展现出充满活力的美食摆盘。

    照片由 Change C.C 提供,来源于 Pexels

    写下来

    在手机上建一个越南语备忘录(或者用谷歌翻译,然后找当地人润色一下)。点餐时展示给服务员看。写上:

    Toi khong an thit, ca, tom, va nuoc mam. Khong co mam tom, dau hao, hay xuong lợn. Lam an chi dung dau thuc vat. Cam on.

    (我不吃肉、鱼、虾或鱼露。不要虾酱、蚝油或猪骨。请只使用植物油。谢谢。)

    把这些写下来可以省去很多猜测的麻烦。

    地区差异

    北部(Hanoi、Ha Giang、Sapa):肉食文化浓厚。有素食选择,但需要更多的沟通。“Chay”寺庙很常见且靠谱。

    中部(Hue、Hoi An、Da Nang):饮食较清淡,鱼虾较多。对严格素食者来说比较困难。Hoi An 有几家专门的素食店。

    南部(Saigon、Cu Lao Cham、Mekong Delta):对素食最友好。蔬菜种类繁多,豆腐店林立,且对外籍人士的饮食习惯有较高认知。Saigon 有许多素食餐厅。

    总结

    你不会挨饿。但你每顿饭都要花 30 秒钟向厨师解释“不吃肉”到底是什么意思。把短语写下来,记住“mam tom”(虾酱)和“nuoc mam”(鱼露),并接受如果你提出要求,一些街边摊会为你重新做菜的事实。每餐预算大约在 20,000–50,000 VND 之间。避开纯肉汤底的汤类,除非厨房明确同意为你重新制作。如果附近有素食餐厅,放心大胆地去吃吧——为了这份确定性,多花点钱是值得的。