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在越南吃纯素:如何探索“An Chay”素食文化 | Vietnam Wayfarer
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🇨🇳 Travel Tips · all · Hanoi

在越南吃纯素:如何探索“An Chay”素食文化

越南有着深厚的素食根基,但动物制品却无处不在——尤其是鱼露。以下是教你如何在全国各地自信地享用“an chay”(纯素)的指南。

By the Wayfarer teamMay 5, 20266 min read
Delicious Asian dish featuring noodles, fried tofu, and rich sauces on a ceramic plate.
↑ Delicious Asian dish featuring noodles, fried tofu, and rich sauces on a ceramic plate.Photo by RDNE Stock project on Pexels
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#vegan#vegetarian#an chay#dietary#food#eating out#restaurants
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    越南 (베트남 / 越南 / ベトナム)的素食传统源远流长,这植根于佛教修行和中国文化的影响。“an chay”(严格素食/纯素)一词在全国各地的菜单上随处可见。但需要注意的是:鱼露、虾酱和动物脂肪往往潜伏在看似纯植物的菜肴中。一盘炒青菜可能是用猪油炒的。豆腐春卷可能和肉类共用一锅油炸。如果你是严格的纯素食者,外出就餐需要兼备相关知识和警惕性。

    隐藏的动物制品问题

    鱼露(“mam”)是最大的“罪魁祸首”。它存在于汤、蘸酱、炒菜中,甚至在非佛教餐厅的“素食”菜肴里也能找到。点餐时,请明确要求:Khong co mam, khong co dau heo(不要鱼露,不要猪油)。不要想当然地以为厨房听进去了——上菜时一定要检查一下。

    虾酱(“mam tom”)常出现在咖喱和配菜中。蚝油常用来给许多青菜调味。动物高汤是“Pho”(越南河粉)和肉汤的汤底。油炸食品可能与肉类共用炸油。大多数越南厨师并不认为这些是“动物制品”——它们只是一种配料,在缺乏经验的食客眼中是隐形的。

    “an chay”这个词在越南文化中带有道德分量,并能传达你的意图。请多使用它。但要配合具体的否定词一起使用:不要鱼露,不要虾酱,不要猪油,不要动物高汤。必要时重复两遍。

    去哪里吃:佛教素食餐厅

    最安全的选择是佛教素食餐厅(“nha hang an chay”)。这些餐厅会根据农历营业——尤其是在农历初一和十五,虔诚的佛教徒会在这些日子吃素。在这些日子里,即使是小寺庙和社区礼堂也会提供斋饭。这里的食物是真正的纯植物性食品:豆腐、蘑菇、用大豆或面筋制成的人造肉、蔬菜和米饭。

    在Hanoi、Saigon、Da Nang和Hue,全年都有常设的“an chay”餐厅。它们不是什么时髦场所——通常是简单的家庭经营小店,摆着防火板餐桌,午餐高峰期充满了活力。每餐价格在30,000–80,000 VND之间。可以在谷歌地图上搜索“nha hang an chay”+ 你所在的城市名称。

    这些地方了解纯素食者的需求。他们使用蔬菜高汤、椰奶,并且原则上避免使用鱼露。菜单可能没有英文,但沟通方式是通用的:指一指,笑一笑,你就能吃得很好。

    市场与街边摊

    早市(“cho”)设有专门的素食区,特别是在佛教寺庙附近或素食人口密集的街区。Hanoi的Dong Xuan Market有一个“an chay”角落。Saigon (사이공 / 西贡 / サイゴン)的Ben Thanh Market有蔬菜摊贩和豆腐摊。

    你可以购买豆腐、新鲜蔬菜、香草、米粉和椰奶。许多街边摊出售烤玉米、蒸红薯、Banh Cuon (반꾸온 / 蒸米卷 / バインクオン)(蔬菜米纸卷)和Goi Cuon(新鲜春卷)。记得提醒摊贩在蘸酱中不要放鱼露。

    早餐建议选择:芒果糯米饭(如果是应季的话)、用蔬菜高汤制作的Pho(比较少见,但可以问问)、只夹蔬菜和豆腐的Banh Mi (반미 / 越式法包 / バインミー),或者配青菜的Com Tam(碎米粥)。

    一位佛教僧侣站在越南Thạch Lâm一座寺庙花园里的大铜钟旁。

    照片由Thành Văn Đình发布于Pexels

    应用程序与在线工具

    HappyCow 是一款全球纯素餐厅查找工具,在越南的主要城市都能使用。它提供纯素和对纯素友好的餐厅地图、用户评论以及照片库。在抵达前下载好该应用——如果你提前缓存了城市数据,它可以离线使用。

    FatSecret 和 MyFitnessPal 拥有越南菜肴及其成分的数据库(尽管越南语标签可能不够全面)。像“Vegetarians & Vegans in Vietnam”这样的本地Facebook群组将旅行者和当地人联系起来,分享餐厅推荐,并提醒大家注意避坑。

    点餐策略:真正行之有效的方法

    第一步: 选择佛教素食餐厅或繁忙的市场摊位。除非有当地人指引,否则尽量避免随便找街边小吃车。

    第二步: 点一道简单的菜:烤蔬菜、炒豆腐、蔬菜春卷、米饭配蒸青菜。先说“an chay”。然后具体说明:“khong co mam, khong co dau heo, khong co dau ca”(不要鱼露,不要猪油,不要动物脂肪)。

    第三步: 如果菜单上将某道菜标为“an chay”,请询问它的烹饪方法。炒菜是用植物油还是猪油?酱汁是用鱼露还是酱油做的?

    第四步: 上菜时,闻一闻。鱼露有一种刺鼻、极具辨识度的气味。如果闻起来不对劲,就退回去。

    第五步: 询问蘸酱的选择。酱油、辣椒、青柠和盐是纯素的。鱼露则不是。

    Hanoi熙熙攘攘的户外露天市场,有色彩缤纷的农产品和当地摊贩。

    照片由Hugo Heimendinger发布于Pexels

    城市指南

    Hanoi (하노이 / 河内 / ハノイ): 老城区在农历新年期间会有附设素食餐厅的寺庙。镇国寺附近的杭曼街有一个小型的素食社区。在春节和佛教节日期间,会设立佛教素食摊位。

    Saigon: 更加国际化,在第一郡、第三郡和平盛郡有更多具备纯素意识的餐厅。Ben Thanh Market 的素食区非常大。主要寺庙附近有几家专门的“an chay”餐厅。

    Da Nang (다낭 / 岘港 / ダナン): 城市较小,纯素餐厅较少。海滩边有一些对游客友好的餐厅,你可以和他们商量做纯植物餐。佛教寺庙通常在神圣的节日提供素食。

    Hue (후에 / 顺化 / フエ): 拥有浓厚佛教素食传统的历史皇家城市。寺庙在农历的斋日会向游客提供午餐。香江附近有几家“an chay”餐厅。

    Phu Quoc (푸꾸옥 / 富国岛 / フーコック)、Hoi An、Da Lat: 海滨和山城。市场里有蔬菜区。面向游客的餐厅对饮食要求的灵活性更高。相比大城市,这里对鱼露的依赖较少。

    实用短语

    • An chay = 严格素食/纯素
    • Khong co thit = 不要肉
    • Khong co mam = 不要鱼露
    • Khong co dau heo = 不要猪油/猪脂肪
    • Khong co dau ca = 不要鱼油
    • Khong co trung = 不要鸡蛋
    • Khong co sua = 不要奶制品
    • Chay tuyetdoi = 绝对纯素(最明确的表达)

    把这些写在手机上,展示给摊贩看。这样可以消除歧义。

    常见问题

    如何避免越南素食菜肴中隐藏的动物制品?

    鱼露(“mam”)是最常见的“罪魁祸首”,甚至在提供看似纯植物食品的餐厅里,它也会出现在汤、炒菜和蘸酱中。虾酱、蚝油、猪油和动物高汤也是常规配料。点餐时,请说“Khong co mam, khong co dau heo”(不要鱼露,不要猪油),并针对虾酱和动物高汤补充具体的否定要求。重复你的要求,并在上菜时检查菜肴。

    在越南,哪种类型的餐厅对严格的纯素食者最安全?

    佛教素食餐厅(“nha hang an chay”)是最可靠的选择。他们使用蔬菜高汤、椰奶,并默认不使用鱼露。菜单上通常有豆腐、蘑菇、蔬菜以及用大豆或面筋制成的人造肉。每餐花费在30,000-80,000 VND之间。在Hanoi、Saigon、Da Nang和Hue,这些餐厅全年营业。在谷歌地图上搜索“nha hang an chay”加上你所在的城市名称,即可找到附近的餐厅。

    佛教素食餐厅什么时候最忙,什么时候最容易找到食物?

    佛教素食餐厅在每个农历的初一和十五迎来高峰,因为虔诚的佛教徒会在这些日子吃素。在这些日子里,除了专门的餐厅,寺庙和社区礼堂也会提供纯植物餐。如果你的旅行日期恰好赶上这些农历日子,你将会有更多的选择,包括在当月其他时间不提供的非正式社区聚餐。

    总结

    在越南吃素或纯素是完全可行的——这里的文化有着佛教修行的根基——但这需要沟通。鱼露和猪油在大多数厨师眼中是隐形的;你必须具体且反复地提出要求。佛教素食餐厅和市场是你最安全的选择。使用HappyCow,学习关键短语,不要仅仅因为一道菜看起来是纯植物的就认为它是纯素的。有了这些工具,你就能吃得很好,并坚持你的饮食习惯。